Welcome to Part One of the comprehensive breakdown of the UGC NET Geography 2025 question paper. This section includes thoroughly researched explanations, accurate answer keys, and contextual insights for multiple-choice questions — ideal for aspirants seeking clarity, concept reinforcement, and smart revision.
A.Cincum-Pacific belt accounts about 80%of the active volcanoes of the world.
B. This belt is also called as the fire girdle’of the Pacific Ocean.
C. Here volcanoes are primary caused due to collision of convergent plates along the Benioff
zones.
D. This zone is also known for divergent plate margins.
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below;
(1) A, B and C Only
(2) B, C and D Only
(3) A, C and D Only
(4) A, B and D Only
Question ID:42558911003
A. “Circum-Pacific belt accounts for about 80% of the active volcanoes of the world.” ✔️ True. This region encircling the Pacific Ocean is famously known as the Ring of Fire due to its intense seismic and volcanic activity. Most of the world's active volcanoes line this belt.
B. “This belt is also called the fire girdle of the Pacific Ocean.” ✔️ Essentially correct. While the common term is “Ring of Fire,” “fire girdle” conveys the same idea—a volcanically active loop around the Pacific Ocean.
C. “Here volcanoes are primarily caused due to collision of convergent plates along the Benioff zones.” ✔️ Correct. Subduction zones, where an oceanic plate dives beneath a continental or another oceanic plate, create intense pressure and heat, leading to volcanism. The Benioff zone is the inclined zone of earthquake foci linked to this plate subduction process.
D. “This zone is also known for divergent plate margins.” ❌ Not accurate for this context. Divergent margins (where plates move apart) are found at mid-ocean ridges, not in the Circum-Pacific belt. The Ring of Fire is dominated by convergent boundaries.
(1) 1951
(2) 1961
(3) 1971
(4)1981
Question ID: 42558910967
Definition Introduced: The concept of an Urban Agglomeration (UA) was formally recognized during the 1971 Census to account for urban growth patterns that extended beyond a single statutory town.
What It Means: An Urban Agglomeration typically includes:
A core town (statutory town)
Plus adjoining outgrowths or towns that are physically contiguous and functionally linked to the main urban area
Why It Was Needed: Rapid urban expansion led to cities absorbing neighboring settlements, creating large metropolitan clusters. The UA concept helped better classify urban population and infrastructure demands.
Impact: This classification improved accuracy in urban planning, resource distribution, and future census strategies by acknowledging that many city-like areas weren’t just isolated towns.
A. Most of the jute producing areas went to Bangladesh, resulting in acute shortage of raw jute.
B. The Ganga Brahmaputra dela grows about 10%of India’s jute and provides raw materials.
C. The input cost for jute product in India is quite high
D. Dry climate is very convenient for spinning and weaving.
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below;
(1) Band D Only
(2) A,B and C Only
(3) B,C and D Only
(4) Band C Only
Question ID:42558911007
B. “The Ganga-Brahmaputra delta grows about 10% of India's jute and provides raw materials.” ❌ Incorrect. In fact, this region produces almost all of India’s jute—not just 10%. The delta's humid climate and fertile alluvial soil are ideal for jute cultivation.
D. “Dry climate is very convenient for spinning and weaving.” ❌ Incorrect for jute. Jute fiber is sensitive to dryness—it becomes brittle and hard to handle. A humid climate is actually more favorable for processing jute, especially in spinning and weaving stages.
A. “Most of the jute producing areas went to Bangladesh, resulting in acute shortage of raw jute.” ✔️ True. After Partition in 1947, Bangladesh retained the majority of jute-growing regions, while India kept most jute mills—causing a major raw material crunch for Indian industries.
C. “The input cost for jute product in India is quite high.” ✔️ Also correct. Jute production often faces high input costs due to factors like outdated machinery, labor intensity, and fluctuations in raw jute availability.
(1) Paris climate Agreement
(2) Kyoto Protocol
(3) Rio Summit
(4) Montreal protocol
Question ID:42558910963
Adopted in 1987, the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was the first concrete and binding international agreement specifically focused on protecting the ozone layer.
Main Goal: Phase out the production and use of ozone-depleting substances (ODS)—especially chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) found in things like refrigerants, aerosol sprays, and solvents.
Why It Stands Out:
Universally ratified—every UN member nation signed it.
Led to significant reduction in CFC emissions
Directly responsible for signs of ozone layer recovery
(1) Flow diagram
(2) Line graph
(3) Bar diagram
(4) Circle diagram
Question ID:42558910957
Trend Visualization: A line graph clearly displays how population numbers change over time, especially decade by decade. It shows growth trends, slopes, and rates of change at a glance.
Time Series Data: Line graphs are perfect for time series data, where years or decades are plotted on the x-axis and population figures on the y-axis.
Continuity: Unlike bar diagrams, the connected points on a line graph show continuous growth rather than isolated data blocks.
| Diagram Type | Reason It's Less Suitable |
|---|---|
| Flow Diagram | Used to show movement or processes, not numerical growth over time |
| Bar Diagram | Good for comparison between categories, but less effective for showing trends over time |
| Circle Diagram | Ideal for proportion or percentage-based data, not for chronological growth |
(1) Transferability
(2) Intervening Opportunities
(3) Complementarity
(4) Distance-Decay
Question ID:42558910935
Developed by Edward Ullman in 1954, the model explains why and how places interact geographically through three main conditions:
Complementarity
Interaction occurs when one area has a surplus of goods/services and another has a demand.
Example: A wheat-producing region trading with a non-agricultural urban center.
Transferability
The ease and cost of moving goods, people, or information between locations.
High transferability = more likely interaction.
Intervening Opportunities
Nearby alternatives can reduce interaction with distant places.
If a closer option meets the need, interaction with the farther location decreases.
Distance-Decay
This concept suggests that interaction between two places decreases as the distance increases.
While closely related, Distance-Decay is part of broader spatial theories, not one of Ullman’s three foundational conditions.
Tamil Nadu
Nagaland
Orissa
Andhra Pradesh
Question ID: 42558910966
Historical Practice: In the past, many Naga tribes practiced headhunting, a ritual warrior tradition that involved taking the heads of enemies during inter-tribal conflicts.
Strategic Settlement: To protect themselves from raids and rival clans, these tribes built compact settlements on hilltops and ridges. This high ground offered:
Defensive advantage
Better visibility of approaching threats
Limited access routes, making surprise attacks more difficult
Cultural Legacy: While headhunting was outlawed and gradually faded with modernization and the influence of missionaries, its legacy still shapes Nagaland’s unique village architecture and social organization.
Landforms
Hardware
People
Software
Question ID: 42558910955
A fully functional GIS includes the following core components:
Hardware ✔️ Computers, servers, GPS devices, scanners—physical tools used to store, process, and visualize geographic data.
Software ✔️ Programs like ArcGIS, QGIS, etc., that manage spatial data, perform analysis, and create maps.
People ✔️ GIS analysts, developers, data scientists—human expertise is essential to operate and interpret GIS systems effectively.
Landforms like mountains, valleys, and plains are data inputs, not system components.
GIS uses landform data to perform analysis, but doesn’t consider them part of the system architecture.
Think of landforms as content, whereas hardware/software/people are functional pillars of GIS.
Trimetrogen air photos
Convergent air photos
Oblique air photos
Terrestrial air photos
Question ID: 42558910973
Definition: These are photographs taken parallel to the ground surface, typically from fixed positions on land rather than aircraft. That’s why they’re also called terrestrial photographs.
Use Case: They’re common in architectural documentation, landscape surveys, and ground-level studies where vertical or high-altitude imagery isn’t required.
| Option | Why It's Incorrect for Horizontal Photos |
|---|---|
| Trimetrogen Air Photos | Taken with three cameras for wide coverage; used in aerial survey, not ground-level |
| Convergent Air Photos | Captured at angles where photos from different stations “converge”; useful in stereoscopic mapping |
| Oblique Air Photos | Taken from aircraft at angled views; shows more ground but not horizontal perspective |
42nd and 44th Amendments
73rd and 74th Amendments
44th and 46th Amendments
91st and 92nd Amendments
Question ID: 42558910936
The correct answer is 73rd and 74th Amendments—they were truly game-changers for local governance in India.
These amendments were enacted in 1992, and they laid the foundation for decentralization through:
Applies to rural areas
Created a three-tier system: Village, Block, and District levels
Provided for:
Regular elections
Financial powers through State Finance Commissions
Gram Sabhas for grassroots participation
Applies to urban areas
Strengthened Municipalities (Nagar Panchayats, Municipal Councils, and Municipal Corporations)
Emphasized:
Clear functions & powers
Urban planning and service delivery
Inclusion of ward committees and public participation
| Amendments | Focus Area | Relevance to Local Governance |
|---|---|---|
| 42nd & 44th | Directive Principles, Emergency powers | Not related to decentralization |
| 44th & 46th | Property rights, taxation | Financial aspects, but not local empowerment |
| 91st & 92nd | Anti-defection, 8th Schedule revision | Electoral and linguistic policies |
A. Power analysis approach
B. Historical approach
C. Geographical approach
D. Functional approach
E. Morphological approach
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
A, B, C and D Only
A, B, C and E Only
A, B, D and E Only
B, C, D and E Only
Question ID: 42558911006
The correct answer is A, B, D and E Only—Hartshorne identified these four distinct approaches to understanding the political geography of a state. Let’s break each one down:
A. Power Analysis Approach ✔️ Focuses on the distribution and exercise of political power within and between territories. It examines how states assert influence and control over space.
B. Historical Approach ✔️ Looks at the historical evolution of political boundaries and territorial arrangements. It helps trace how states and borders have changed over time.
D. Functional Approach ✔️ Investigates the role and function of different territorial units within a state—how regions serve governance, defense, administration, etc.
E. Morphological Approach ✔️ Examines the physical shape, size, and boundary configuration of states. It considers how geography influences political strategy and governance.
C. Geographical Approach ❌ While geography is foundational to the discipline, Hartshorne did not classify "Geographical approach" as a separate method. Instead, geography is implicitly woven into all his approaches.
| List-I | List-II |
|---|---|
| A. Market Area | I. Weber |
| B. Isodapane | II. Losch |
| C. Isolate Estate | IV. Von Thunen |
| D. Space Cost Curve | III. David Smith |
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-II
A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV
A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III
Question ID: 42558911021
The correct answer is A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV. Let's look at how each concept aligns with its respective theorist:
| Concept (List-I) | Matched Theorist (List-II) | ✔️ Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| A. Market Area | II. Losch | Losch is known for the Central Place Theory extension, focusing on market areas and economic zones in spatial economics. |
| B. Isodapane | I. Weber | Alfred Weber used isodapanes in his Industrial Location Theory to show areas of equal transport cost—crucial for finding the optimal location for industries. |
| C. Isolate Estate | III. David Smith | David Smith coined the term to describe landholding patterns in isolated rural settings, examining estate structures. |
| D. Space Cost Curve | IV. Von Thunen | Von Thunen introduced this concept in his Agricultural Location Model, where the cost of transporting goods increases with distance—hence the “space cost curve.” |
Isolation
Insolation
Radiation
Izolation
Question ID: 42558910948
The correct answer is Insolation — and it’s a key term in physical geography and climatology.
Definition: Insolation stands for “incoming solar radiation” received at the Earth’s surface.
It comes from the blend of “incoming” + “solar” + “radiation.”
Measured in terms of energy per unit area (usually watts per square meter)
A. The Sector Theory
B. Rank Size Rule
C. The Multiple Nuclei Theory
D. The Concentric or Zonal Theory
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
A, B, C, D
D, A, C, B
A, C, B, D
D, C, A, B
Question ID: 42558910976
The correct chronological order—from oldest to newest—is: 2. D, A, C, B.
Let’s walk through it historically:
| Theory | Year Proposed | Key Contributor | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| D. Concentric/Zonal Theory | 1925 | E.W. Burgess | City growth modeled in circular zones—center to periphery. |
| A. Sector Theory | 1939 | Homer Hoyt | Cities grow in sectors or wedges along transport routes. |
| C. Multiple Nuclei Theory | 1945 | Harris and Ullman | Cities evolve with multiple centers (nuclei) based on land use. |
| B. Rank Size Rule | 1950s | G.K. Zipf (popularized) | Size of cities follows a rank-based pattern (second largest city = ½ size of largest, and so on). |
| List-I (Glaciers) | List-II (Locations) |
|---|---|
| A. Siachen | I. The Karakoram Range |
| B. Sona Pani | II. The Pir Panjal Range |
| C. Rongbuk | III. The Kanchenjunga–Everest Region |
| D. Mana | IV. The Kumaon–Garhwal Region |
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I
A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
Question ID: 42558911023
The correct answer is 4 . A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV. Here's the matched explanation for clarity:
| Glacier (List-I) | Location (List-II) | ✔️ Why It Matches |
|---|---|---|
| A. Siachen | I. The Karakoram Range | One of the longest mountain glaciers in the world, Siachen lies in the eastern Karakoram range. It’s also geopolitically significant. |
| B. Sona Pani | II. The Pir Panjal Range | This glacier is located in Jammu & Kashmir, within the Pir Panjal range. |
| C. Rongbuk | III. The Kanchenjunga–Everest Region | Situated near Mt. Everest in Tibet, Rongbuk is one of the highest glaciers and serves as a route to the Everest Base Camp (North). |
| D. Mana | IV. The Kumaon–Garhwal Region | Found in Uttarakhand, Mana glacier is a source of the Saraswati River and close to the holy site of Badrinath. |
Unequal distribution of resources across regions
Technological advancements in resource extraction
Climate change policies
Complete self-sufficiency of all nations in resource production
Question ID: 42558910946
The correct answer is: 4. Complete self-sufficiency of all nations in resource production.
Reality Check: No nation is completely self-sufficient in all natural resources.
Nations rely heavily on imports and exports, creating interdependence.
This lack of universal self-sufficiency is what drives geopolitical tensions and alliances over access to strategic resources like oil, rare earth metals, and water.
| Factor | Influence on Geopolitics |
|---|---|
| Unequal distribution of resources | Causes power imbalances and strategic competition |
| Technological advancements | Shifts control—countries with better tech can exploit harder-to-reach resources |
| Climate change policies | Alters global energy strategies, influencing fossil fuel demand and green tech investment |
Purana
Archean
Aryan
Dravidian
Question ID: 42558910945
The correct answer is Archean—it’s the oldest rock system found in India and forms the foundation of the Indian geological structure.
Age: More than 2.5 billion years old, dating back to the Precambrian era.
Location: Found in Peninsular India, especially in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and Jharkhand.
Composition:
Mainly gneiss, schists, and granites
Rich in minerals like iron ore, manganese, and gold
Significance: Forms the base of the Indian craton (stable continental core) and hosts major mining zones.
Supreme Court ruling of 2013
Representation of the People Act, 1951
61st Constitutional Amendment
Election Commission Guidelines of 2000
Question ID: 42558910937
The correct answer is: Supreme Court ruling of 2013.
Full Form: NOTA = None of the Above
Who Introduced It: The Supreme Court of India, in a landmark judgment on 27 September 2013, directed the Election Commission to include the NOTA option in Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs).
The ruling emerged from a petition filed by the People’s Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL).
The court emphasized that voters should have the right to reject all candidates if they don’t find any suitable.
NOTA has no legal impact on election results, but it empowers voters symbolically and promotes accountability.
| Option | Why It's Not Correct |
|---|---|
| Representation of the People Act, 1951 | Governs election procedures and disqualifications, but didn’t provide for NOTA. |
| 61st Constitutional Amendment | Passed in 1988 to lower voting age from 21 to 18 — unrelated to NOTA. |
| Election Commission Guidelines of 2000 | General electoral conduct rules — NOTA was not introduced through these. |
A. Delhi
B. Dhaka
C. Tokyo
D. Shanghai
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
A, C, B, A
C, A, D, B
A, D, C, B
C, D, B, A
Question ID: 42558910986
The correct answer is: 2. C, A, D, B — that is, Tokyo > Delhi > Shanghai > Dhaka.
| City | Estimated Population (2025) | Rank |
|---|---|---|
| Tokyo | 37,036,200 | 1st |
| Delhi | 34,665,600 | 2nd |
| Shanghai | 30,482,100 | 3rd |
| Dhaka | 24,652,900 | 4th |
| List-I (Local Names of Grasslands) | List-II (Countries) |
|---|---|
| A. Pustaz | I. Argentina |
| B. Pampas | II. South Africa |
| C. Bush Veld | III. Australia |
| D. Downs | IV. Hungary |
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV
A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
Question ID: 42558911017
The correct answer is 1. A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III — let’s map it out and make sense of each pairing:
| List-I (Grassland Name) | List-II (Country) | ✔️ Why It Matches |
|---|---|---|
| A. Pustaz | IV. Hungary | These are temperate grasslands found in the Hungarian Plain, known for traditional livestock grazing. |
| B. Pampas | I. Argentina | The Pampas are vast, fertile lowlands famous for grain farming and cattle ranching—central to Argentina’s agriculture. |
| C. Bush Veld | II. South Africa | Found mainly in South Africa, the Bush Veld features subtropical woodland and grassland ecosystems—home to much of the country’s wildlife. |
| D. Downs | III. Australia | The Downs are expansive grassy plains used for sheep grazing and agriculture, particularly in Queensland and New South Wales. |
A. Landscape is a function of structure, process and time
B. Landforms are evolved by interaction of endogenetic and exogenetic forces
C. No river can erode its valley beyond base level (sea level)
D. Davis used the term primarumpf to represent the characteristic landscape before upliftment
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
A, B and C Only
B, C and D Only
A, C and D Only
A, B and D Only
Question ID: 42558910995
The correct answer is: A, B and C Only.
Let’s break it down in terms of what fits best with William Morris Davis's Geographical Cycle:
A. Landscape is a function of structure, process and time ✔️ True. Davis described landscape evolution through the interplay of:
Structure (rock type and arrangement),
Process (erosional forces like rivers, glaciers, etc.), and
Time (the duration over which these forces act). This triad is fundamental to his theory.
B. Landforms are evolved by interaction of endogenetic and exogenetic forces ✔️ Correct, although Davis emphasized exogenetic processes (especially erosion) in shaping landscapes over time, he acknowledged the initial structure, which is a result of endogenetic forces like uplift.
C. No river can erode its valley beyond base level (sea level) ✔️ Absolutely. Davis emphasized that a stream’s erosion is limited by its base level, usually sea level, below which it cannot cut further.
D. Davis used the term primarumpf to represent the characteristic landscape before upliftment ❌ This term is actually attributed to Penck, not Davis. Davis didn’t use “primarumpf”; his focus was more on the cycle of erosion, including youthful, mature, and old age stages of landscape evolution.
Coastal Fringes of Eurasia
Continental core of Eurasia
Arctic region
African continent
Question ID: 42558910952
The correct answer is: Coastal Fringes of Eurasia.
| Theory | Strategic Region Emphasized | Key Thinker |
|---|---|---|
| Heartland Theory | Continental core of Eurasia (Central Asia, Russia) | Halford Mackinder |
| Rimland Theory | Coastal fringes of Eurasia — from Europe to East Asia | Nicholas Spykman |
He argued that the Rimland — a crescent-shaped strip bordering the Eurasian continent — was far more critical to global power than the interior Heartland.
This region includes:
Western Europe
Middle East
South Asia
Southeast Asia
East Asia
Dense population
Industrial centers
Access to sea routes
Military chokepoints
“Who controls the Rimland rules Eurasia; who rules Eurasia controls the destinies of the world.” — Nicholas Spykman
A, B, C, D
A, B, D, C
B, A, C, D
B, A, D, C
Question ID: 42558910982
Option 4: B (Todas), A (Minas), D (Nagas), C (Bakarwals) is correct when arranged from South to North based on latitude:
| Indigenous Group | Region | Approximate Latitude |
|---|---|---|
| B. Todas | Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu | ~11°N – 12°N |
| A. Minas | Rajasthan (Aravalli Hills) | ~24°N – 27°N |
| D. Nagas | Nagaland, Northeast India | ~25°N – 27°N |
| C. Bakarwals | Jammu & Kashmir (Himalayas) | ~33°N – 35°N |
Todas live in the Nilgiri Hills of Tamil Nadu, placing them farthest south.
Minas inhabit parts of southern Rajasthan, notably within the Aravalli ranges, which sit farther north than the Nilgiris.
Nagas, though located far east in Nagaland, reside slightly north of the Minas in terms of latitude.
Bakarwals, nomadic herders from Jammu & Kashmir, inhabit the northernmost latitudinal zone among the four.
| Code | List-I (Local Names of Tropical Cyclones) | Code | List-II (Countries) |
|---|---|---|---|
| A | Hurricanes | I | Philippines |
| B | Taifu | II | USA |
| C | Bagio | III | Australia |
| D | Willy willy | IV | Japan |
A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III
Question ID: 42558911015
The correct answer is: 4. A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III
| Local Name | Matched Country | ✔️ Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| A. Hurricanes | II. USA | The term "Hurricane" is used in the North Atlantic and eastern Pacific, especially in the USA and Caribbean nations. |
| B. Taifu (Typhoon) | IV. Japan | "Taifu" or "Typhoon" is the regional name for tropical cyclones in the northwest Pacific, commonly affecting Japan and Southeast Asia. |
| C. Bagio | I. Philippines | The Philippines uses the term “Bagyo” to refer to tropical cyclones or storms locally. It originates from Tagalog. |
| D. Willy Willy | III. Australia | “Willy Willy” is a colloquial term used in Australia, especially in the northern parts, for tropical cyclones or dust devils. |
Ullman
Morrill
Hagerstrand
Reilly
Question ID: 42558910951
The correct answer is: Hägerstrand.
Torsten Hägerstrand, a Swedish geographer, is celebrated for his groundbreaking work in the diffusion of innovations and ideas through space and time.
His research in the 1950s pioneered the use of spatial modeling and simulation—especially through Monte Carlo methods—to understand how innovations spread geographically.
Hägerstrand’s concept highlights:
How ideas, technologies, and practices move across regions
The role of barriers, facilitators, and adoption patterns
Time–space convergence and hierarchical, contagious, and relocation diffusion
Question ID: 4255891097
The correct answer is: Konkan
Konkan is a narrow coastal strip along the western coast of Maharashtra, extending into parts of Goa and Karnataka.
Mumbai, India’s financial capital, lies at the heart of the Konkan region, nestled between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea.
The region is known for:
Scenic coastal landscapes
Monsoonal climate
Distinctive cultural and linguistic identity
| Option | Why It's Incorrect |
|---|---|
| Kathiawar | Located in Gujarat, far north of Mumbai |
| Northern Circars | Coastal region of Andhra Pradesh, eastern coast — not west |
| Vidarbha | Eastern part of Maharashtra, inland and far from Mumbai |
Question ID: 42558910969
The correct answer is: 2017
The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) officially approved the Bharatmala Pariyojana Phase-I in October 2017.
The project aimed to develop 34,800 km of national highways across India, focusing on:
Economic corridors
Border and coastal connectivity
Inter-corridors and feeder routes
Expressways and logistics efficiency
The correct answer is: Education
The quaternary sector involves activities based on knowledge, information, and skill-based services. It’s part of the advanced service economy, focusing on:
Research and development
Education and training
Information technology
Consultancy
Financial planning
It’s knowledge-intensive
It involves intellectual services rather than physical goods or transactions
It’s considered human capital development, a hallmark of the quaternary group
| Activity | Economic Group | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| Retailing | Tertiary | Involves selling goods directly to consumers |
| Wholesaling | Tertiary | Distribution of goods in bulk — a business service |
| Transport | Tertiary | Physical movement of goods and people |
Question ID: 42558910941
The correct answer is: Eco Tourism
Eco Tourism is a specialized form of tourism focused on exploring pristine natural environments while promoting environmental conservation and sustainable travel practices.
It emphasizes:
Minimal impact on ecosystems
Respect for local cultures and communities
Education and awareness about biodiversity and sustainability
National parks
Wildlife sanctuaries
Remote forests, mountains, and marine habitats
| Tourism Type | Why It’s Not Correct for Natural Exploration |
|---|---|
| Mass Tourism | Focuses on large crowds and popular destinations—often urban or built-up areas |
| Cultural Tourism | Centers on heritage, architecture, festivals—not untouched nature |
| Medical Tourism | Involves travel for healthcare or wellness—not environment-based |
Question ID: 42558910958
According to the Standard Census definition in India, a marginal worker is someone who has worked for less than 183 days (or less than six months) in a year.
Main Worker: Worked 183 days or more in a year
Marginal Worker: Worked less than 183 days in a year
This classification helps in understanding employment patterns and targeting welfare schemes for underemployed populations.
A. Uttarakhand
B. Jharkhand
C. Telengana
D. Chhattisgarh
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Question ID: 42558910985
The correct answer is: 1 A, B, C, D
| State | Area (sq. km) |
|---|---|
| Uttarakhand | 53,483 |
| Jharkhand | 79,716 |
| Telangana | 112,077 |
| Chhattisgarh | 135,192 |
A. Sarda
B. Gandak
C. Gomati
D. Ghaghara
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Question ID: 42558910984
The correct answer is: 2.C, A, D, B
| Tributary | General Flow Direction | Confluence Location |
|---|---|---|
| C. Gomati | Westernmost among the four | Joins Ganga near Saidpur, Kaithi (Uttar Pradesh) |
| A. Sarda | East of Gomati | Merges with Ghaghara, which later joins Ganga near Chhapra (Bihar) |
| D. Ghaghara | Further east | Joins Ganga near Chhapra (Bihar) |
| B. Gandak | Easternmost | Joins Ganga at Sonpur near Patna (Bihar) |
Gomati originates in Uttar Pradesh and flows eastward.
Sarda (also called Kali River) flows along the Indo-Nepal border and merges into Ghaghara.
Ghaghara and Gandak are Himalayan rivers that enter the plains and join the Ganga in Bihar — with Gandak being the farthest east among the four.
Question ID: 42558910942
The correct answer is: It connects major global energy trade routes
The Indian Ocean is a strategic maritime highway that:
Facilitates around 80% of global maritime oil trade
Links key regions: Middle East, Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Australia
Contains vital chokepoints like the Straits of Hormuz, Malacca, and Bab el-Mandeb, crucial for energy and trade security
| Option | Why It’s Incorrect |
|---|---|
| It has the largest landmass in the world | ❌ Oceans don’t have landmasses — continents do. |
| It is the only ocean with no international disputes | ❌ The Indian Ocean has territorial and strategic tensions, especially involving China, India, and other powers |
| It is entirely controlled by India | ❌ India is a major player, but the ocean is shared by many littoral and global powers |
| Code | List-I (Terms) | Code | List-II (Explanation) |
|---|---|---|---|
| A | Death Rate | I | Number of deaths per thousand population |
| B | Crude Birth Rate | II | Ratio between number of births and number of females in productive age |
| C | Natural Increase of Population | III | Ratio between the numbers of births and total population |
| D | General Fertility Rate | IV | Births over death per thousand of population |
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Question ID: 42558911011
The correct answer is: A-I, B-III, C-IV, D-II
| List-I (Term) | List-II (Explanation) | ✅ Why It Matches |
|---|---|---|
| A. Death Rate | I. Number of deaths per thousand population | Standard definition of crude death rate |
| B. Crude Birth Rate | III. Ratio between number of births and total population | Reflects births per 1,000 people annually |
| C. Natural Increase of Population | IV. Births over deaths per thousand of population | Calculated as birth rate minus death rate |
| D. General Fertility Rate | II. Ratio between number of births and number of females in productive age | Focuses on women aged 15–49 |
A. Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Package Insurance Scheme
B. Mission Indradhanush
C. Ayushman Bharat–Digital Mission
D. Ayushman Bharat–Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
The correct answer is: 2. B, D, A, C
| Policy Name | Launch Year | Description |
|---|---|---|
| B. Mission Indradhanush | 2014 | Aimed at increasing immunization coverage for children and pregnant women. |
| D. Ayushman Bharat–Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana | 2018 | World's largest health assurance scheme for economically vulnerable families. |
| A. Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Package Insurance Scheme | 2020 | Emergency insurance cover for frontline health workers during COVID-19. |
| C. Ayushman Bharat–Digital Mission | 2021 | Focuses on creating a digital health ecosystem with unique health IDs. |
Question ID: 42558910964
A. Fog is cloud at ground level
B. Dew is the indirect deposition of water droplets onto a surface
C. Frost is a deposit of water droplets on vegetation
D. Snow is frozen precipitation Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Question ID: 42558910996
The correct answer is: J. Grinnell
The term “ecological niche” was first introduced by Joseph Grinnell in 1917.
He described it as the habitat and environmental conditions that determine where a species can thrive.
Grinnell’s view focused on the physical space and climate a species occupies — laying the foundation for later, more complex interpretations.
| Ecologist | Contribution |
|---|---|
| Charles Elton (1927) | Added the idea of a species’ role in the food web — predator-prey relationships. |
| G.E. Hutchinson (1957) | Defined niche as an n-dimensional hypervolume — a mathematical model of all environmental factors a species needs. |
Question ID: 42558910950
The correct answer is: Gunnar Myrdal
Introduced by Gunnar Myrdal, a Swedish economist and Nobel laureate, in the mid-20th century.
It describes a self-reinforcing cycle where economic advantages or disadvantages intensify over time.
In development geography, it explains why rich regions get richer and poor regions fall further behind, unless corrective policies are applied.
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Spread Effects | Positive spillovers from growth regions |
| Backwash Effects | Negative impacts on lagging regions due to resource drain |
| Circular Causation | Economic and social factors influence each other in a loop |
While Albert Hirschman and John Friedmann also contributed to development theory, Myrdal is credited with formally introducing the cumulative causation model.
Would you like a visual flowchart showing how spread and backwash effects interact in this theory? It could be a great addition to your regional development flashcards.
A. Land Reforms
B. Command Area Development
C. Drought Prone Area Programme
D. Rural Electrification
E. Urban Roads and Marketing
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Question ID: 42558910991
The correct answer is: A, B and D Only
| Component | Included in Green Revolution? | Why It Matters |
|---|---|---|
| A. Land Reforms | ✅ Yes | Helped consolidate holdings and improve land use efficiency. |
| B. Command Area Development | ✅ Yes | Ensured irrigation infrastructure to support high-yield crops. |
| C. Drought Prone Area Programme | ❌ No | Focused on relief and development in arid zones — not a direct part of Green Revolution strategy. |
| D. Rural Electrification | ✅ Yes | Enabled mechanization and irrigation systems like tube wells. |
| E. Urban Roads and Marketing | ❌ No | Not directly linked to agricultural productivity improvements. |
The Green Revolution emphasized high-yielding varieties (HYVs), irrigation, fertilizers, mechanization, and supportive infrastructure — all aimed at boosting food grain production, especially in regions like Punjab and Haryana.
| Code | List-I (Components of Ecosystem) | Code | List-II (Related to) |
|---|---|---|---|
| A | Photographs | I | Which prepare food through chemosynthesis |
| B | Chemotrophs | II | Depends on organic components derived from dead plants and animals |
| C | Saprophytes | III | Depended on living organisms |
| D | Parasites | IV | Which prepare food through photosynthesis |
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Question ID: 42558911016
The correct answer is: 3. A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
| List-I (Component) | List-II (Related to) | ✅ Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| A. Phototrophs | IV. Prepare food through photosynthesis | These organisms (like green plants and algae) use sunlight to make food. |
| B. Chemotrophs | I. Prepare food through chemosynthesis | Found in deep-sea vents, they use chemical energy (not sunlight) to produce food. |
| C. Saprophytes | II. Depend on dead organic matter | These decomposers (like fungi and bacteria) break down dead plants and animals. |
| D. Parasites | III. Depend on living organisms | They live on or inside a host and derive nutrients from it, often harming the host. |
Question ID: 42558910974
The correct answer is: 1982
India officially became a Contracting Party to the Ramsar Convention on 1st February 1982.
The Ramsar Convention is an international treaty adopted in 1971 in Ramsar, Iran, for the conservation and wise use of wetlands.
Question ID: 42558910971
The correct answer is: Cochin Shipyard Ltd.
Cochin Shipyard Ltd (CSL) is India’s largest public sector shipyard by dock capacity.
It recently expanded with:
A new dry dock capable of handling vessels up to 125,000 DWT
An International Ship Repair Facility (ISRF) at Willingdon Island, Kochi, with advanced ship lift and transfer systems
These upgrades position CSL as a global-grade repair hub, capable of servicing:
LNG carriers
Oil rigs
Capesize and Suezmax vessels
Semi-submersibles and dredgers
| Shipyard | Limitation |
|---|---|
| Goa Shipyard Ltd. | Focuses more on defense vessels; smaller repair capacity |
| Mazagon Dock | Specializes in warships and submarines; limited commercial repair scope |
| Hindustan Shipyard Ltd. | Can repair ships up to 80,000 DWT — less than CSL’s 125,000 DWT capacity |
Question ID: 42558910954
The correct answer is: Efficient for network analysis
Vector data models use points, lines, and polygons to represent spatial features with precision.
They maintain topological relationships (like connectivity and adjacency), which makes them ideal for:
Route optimization
Utility mapping
Transportation networks
Hydrological flow modeling
This topological structure allows GIS systems to easily analyze how features are connected — a key requirement for network analysis.
| Option | Why It’s Not an Advantage |
|---|---|
| Complex data structure | ❌ True, but it's a disadvantage — vector models can be harder to manage and process. |
| Difficult overlay operations | ❌ Overlaying multiple vector layers can be computationally intensive compared to raster. |
| Not compatible with satellite imagery | ❌ Incorrect — vector data can be overlaid on satellite imagery for analysis and visualization. |
A. Brazil current
B. Falkland current
C. Benguela current
D. California current
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Question ID: 42558910992
| Ocean Current | Type | 🌐 Location & Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| A. Brazil Current | ❌ Warm | Flows southward along the eastern coast of South America; part of the South Atlantic gyre. |
| B. Falkland Current | ✅ Cold | Flows northward along the southeastern coast of South America; brings cold subantarctic water. |
| C. Benguela Current | ✅ Cold | Flows northward along the southwestern coast of Africa; originates from the Antarctic waters. |
| D. California Current | ✅ Cold | Flows southward along the western coast of North America; cools the coastal climate. |
A. Carbon Dioxide
B. Argon
C. Nitrogen
D. Oxygen
E. Hydrogen
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Question ID: 42558910975
The correct answer is: 1. E, A, B, D, C
| Gas | Approximate Volume in Atmosphere |
|---|---|
| E. Hydrogen | ~0.00005% |
| A. Carbon Dioxide | ~0.04% |
| B. Argon | ~0.93% |
| D. Oxygen | ~20.95% |
| C. Nitrogen | ~78.08% |
A. Rossby waves are meandering rivers of air
B. There are two to four waves in each hemisphere
C. They are formed by major relief barriers such as the Rockies and the Andes
D. They are formed by thermal differences and uneven land-sea interfaces Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Question ID: 42558910998
The correct answer is: 2. A, B and D Only
Rossby waves, also known as planetary waves, are large-scale meanders in high-altitude winds that play a crucial role in shaping weather patterns and transferring heat across latitudes.
| Statement | True? | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| A. Rossby waves are meandering rivers of air | ✅ | They are giant undulations in the jet stream, resembling atmospheric rivers. |
| B. There are two to four waves in each hemisphere | ✅ | Typically, 3–4 major Rossby waves form in each hemisphere, influencing mid-latitude weather systems. |
| C. They are formed by major relief barriers such as the Rockies and the Andes | ❌ | Rossby waves are primarily formed due to Earth’s rotation and the Coriolis effect, not topographic barriers. |
| D. They are formed by thermal differences and uneven land-sea interfaces | ✅ | Temperature gradients between the equator and poles, along with land-sea contrasts, contribute to their formation. |
A. Mato-Grasso in Brazil
B. The Paris Basin
C. The Ganga Plains in India
D. The Murray-Darling Basin, Australia
E. The Pampas in Argentina
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
Question ID: 42558911008
The correct answer is: A, B, D, E Only
| Region | Country | Agro-Industrial Features |
|---|---|---|
| A. Mato Grosso | Brazil | Major center for soybeans, corn, and cattle; highly mechanized farming and agro-export hubs. |
| B. Paris Basin | France | Fertile soils and advanced agro-processing industries; wheat, sugar beet, and dairy dominate. |
| D. Murray-Darling Basin | Australia | Intensive irrigation-based agriculture; grains, cotton, and livestock with agro-processing units. |
| E. Pampas | Argentina | Vast flatlands ideal for wheat, maize, and beef production; strong agro-industrial infrastructure. |
While the Ganga Plains are agriculturally rich and densely cultivated, they are not yet characterized by large-scale agro-industrialisation. Much of the farming remains small-scale and subsistence-oriented, with limited integration into industrial processing compared to the other regions listed.
Question ID: 42558910940
The correct answer is: Sodium Chloride
Sodium chloride (NaCl) — commonly known as table salt — makes up about 85% to 90% of the total dissolved salts in seawater.
It’s the primary contributor to the ocean’s average salinity of ~3.5%, meaning roughly 35 grams of salt per liter of seawater.
This salt originates from:
Weathering of rocks
Volcanic activity
Hydrothermal vents
River runoff carrying dissolved minerals
| Salt Type | Approx. Contribution | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| Magnesium Chloride | ~3.7% | Present but much less than NaCl |
| Magnesium Sulphate | ~4.7% | Important but not dominant |
| Calcium Sulphate | <1% | Trace amounts only |
| Code | List-I (Concept) | Code | List-II (Geographer) |
|---|---|---|---|
| A | Zusammenhang | I | Schaefer |
| B | Kulturlandschaft | II | Ritter |
| C | Genres de vie | III | Schlüter |
| D | Raison d’être | IV | Blache |
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Question ID: 42558911019
The correct answer is: 3. A-I, B-III, C-IV, D-II
| List-I (Concept) | List-II (Geographer) | ✅ Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| A. Zusammenhang | I. Schaefer | A scientific approach to geography emphasizing spatial relationships — central to Schaefer’s work. |
| B. Kulturlandschaft | III. Schlüter | “Cultural landscape” — a key idea from Schlüter who emphasized human impact in shaping the landscape. |
| C. Genres de vie | IV. Vidal de la Blache | Meaning “ways of life,” linked to human geography and regional lifestyle variations. |
| D. Raison d’être | II. Ritter | Often tied to Ritter’s idea of divine design or purpose in geographical structures. |
A. The physical environment tends to provide the opportunity for a range of possible human responses
B. Man is not a passive being but an active force
C. Man is not a free agent
D. Man modifies the face of the Earth
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
Question ID: 42558911001
The correct answer is: C Only But the given options do not include "C only", which makes the question technically flawed.
Possibilism in geography, championed by thinkers like Paul Vidal de la Blache, asserts that:
The environment offers opportunities, but humans choose how to respond.
Humans are free agents, capable of modifying nature to suit their needs.
The focus is on human creativity, agency, and adaptability, not environmental control.
| Statement | Associated with Possibilism? | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| A. The environment tends to provide opportunities | ✅ Yes | This is the core idea of possibilism |
| B. Man is not passive but an active force | ✅ Yes | Humans reshape their surroundings |
| C. Man is not a free agent | ❌ No | This contradicts the possibilist view — humans are free agents |
| D. Man modifies the face of the Earth | ✅ Yes | Possibilism celebrates human adaptability and transformation |
None of the provided choices correctly isolate Statement C as the one NOT associated with possibilism. That should’ve been the correct answer.
A. Polis
B. Metropolis
C. Tyrannopolis
D. Eopolis
E. Megalopolis
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Question ID: 42558910977
The correct answer is: 3. D, A, B, E, C
| Stage | Description |
|---|---|
| D. Eopolis | "Proto-city" stage — small agricultural settlements; early community life begins |
| A. Polis | Emergence of civic life — cultural identity, political structure, social order |
| B. Metropolis | Rapid urban expansion — industrialization, economic concentration, population surge |
| E. Megalopolis | Giant urban region formed by merging multiple metropolitan areas (e.g., urban sprawl) |
| C. Tyrannopolis | Dystopian stage — uncontrolled growth, congestion, loss of civic values, dominance of elites |